WISCOMBE, WARREN

Warren Wiscombe

Physical Scientist
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
http://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov/~wiscombe

Refereed Publications

Wiscombe, W., 1975: Solar radiation calculations for Arctic summer stratus conditions. Climate of the Arctic, Weller and Bowling, Eds., University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, Alaska, pages unknown.

Joseph, J., W. Wiscombe, and J. Weinman, 1976: The Delta-Eddington Approximation for radiative flux transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2452-2459.

Wiscombe, W., 1976: Extension of the Doubling Method to inhomogeneous sources. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 16, 477-489.

Wiscombe, W., 1976: On initialization, error and flux conservation in the Doubling Method. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 16, 637-658.

Wiscombe, W., and G. Grams, 1976: The backscattered fraction in Two-Stream Approximations. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2440-2451.

Wiscombe, W., 1977: Doubling Initialization revisited. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 18, 245-248.

Wiscombe, W., 1977: Author's reply. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 18, 251.

Wiscombe, W., 1977: The Delta-M Method: Rapid yet accurate radiative flux calculations for strongly asymmetric phase functions. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1408-1422.

Wiscombe, W., and J. Evans, 1977: Exponential-sum fitting of radiative transmission functions. J. Com Phys., 24, 416-444.

10.

Wiscombe, W., and J. Joseph, 1977: The range of validity of the Eddington approximation. Icarus, 32, 362-377.

11.

Wiscombe, W., and P. Chylek, 1977: Mie scattering between any two angles. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 67, 572-573.

12.

Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Scattering of radiation by moderately nonspherical particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1291-1307.

13.

Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Forward optical Glory. Optics Lett., 5, 455-457.

14.

Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Efficiency factors in Mie scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett., 45, 1490-1494.

15.

Wiscombe, W., 1980: Improved Mie scattering algorithms. Appl. Opt., 19, 1505-1509.

16.

Wiscombe, W., and A. Mugnai, 1980: Exact calculations of scattering from moderately-nonspherical tn-particles: Comparisons with equivalent spheres. Proc. Workshop Light Scattering by Irregularly Shaped Particles, D. W. Schuerman, Ed., Plenum Publishing Corp NY, pages unknown.

17.

Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow I. Pure snow. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733.

18.

Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow II. Snow containing atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745.

19.

Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1981: Comment on 'Radiative Properties of Snow for Clear Sky Solar Radiation'. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 5, 177-180.

20.

Hoffert, M., B. Flannery, A. Callegari, C. Hsieh, and W. Wiscombe, 1983: Evaporation-limited tropical temperatures as a constraint on climate sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1659-1668.

21.

Wiscombe, W., 1983: Atmospheric radiation: 1975-1983. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 997-1021.

22.

Wiscombe, W., R. Welch, and W. Hall, 1984: The effect of very large drops on cloud absorption I. Parcel models. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355.

23.

Warren, S., and W. Wiscombe, 1985: Dirty snow after nuclear war. Nature, 313, 467-470.

24.

Wiscombe, W., and V. Ramanathan, 1985: The role of radiation and other renascent subfields in atmospheric science. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1278-1287.

25.

Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1986: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles. I: Cross sections, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor and backscattered fraction. Appl. Opt., 25, 1235-1244.

26.

Prabhakara, C., D. A. Short, W. Wiscombe, R. S. Fraser, and B. Vollmer, 1986: Rainfall over oceans inferred from Nimbus-7 SMMR, application to 1982-83 El Nino. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1464-1474.

27.

Wiscombe, W., and R. Welch, 1986: Further comments on the effects of large drops in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 401-407.

28.

Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1987: Diffraction as tunneling. Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1667-1671.

29.

Luther, F., R. Ellingson, Y. Fouquart, S. Fels, N. Scott, and W. Wiscombe, 1988: Intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models (ICRCCM): Longwave clear sky results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 40-48.

30.

Stamnes, K., S. C. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, 1988: Numerically stable algorithm for Discrete-Ordinate-Method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media. Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509.

31.

Wiscombe, W., and A. Mugnai, 1988: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles II: Means of angular scattering patterns. Appl. Opt., 27, 2405-2421.

32.

Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1989: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles III: Variability of angular scattering patterns. Appl. Opt., 28, 3061-3073.

33.

Cahalan, R. F., M. Nestler, W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, and T. Bell, 1989: Marine stratocumulus spatial structure. Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. Stat. Clim., IMSC, 19-25.

34.

Warren, S., W. Wiscombe, and J. Firestone, 1990: Spectral albedo and emissivity of CO2 in Martian polar caps: Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14717-14741.

35.

Wiscombe, W., 1990: Principles of Numerical Modeling with Applications to Atmospheric Radiation. Course on Radiation as It Relates to Climate. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pages unknown.

36.

Fiedler-Ferrari, N., H. Nussenzveig, and W. Wiscombe, 1991: Theory of near-critical angle scattering from a curved interface. Phys. Rev., A43, 1005-1038.

37.

Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1991: Complex angular momentum approximation to hard-core scattering. Phys. Rev., A43, 2093-2112.

38.

Cahalan, R. F., and W. J. Wiscombe, 1993: Impact of cloud structure on climate. Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. A. Deepak Publishing, 120-124.

39.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Bi-multifractal analysis and multi-affine modeling of non-stationary geophysical processes: Application to turbulence and clouds. Fractals, 3, 560-567.

40.

Gao, B.-C., A. Goetz, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Cirrus cloud detection from airborne imaging spectrometer data using the 1.38 micron water vapor band. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 301-304.

41.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Multi-singular and multi-affine properties of Bounded Cascade Models. Fractals, 3, 702-710.

42.

Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, Harshvardhan, and S. Gollmer, 1994: Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3776-3790.

43.

Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, T. L. Bell, and J. B. Snider, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.

44.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 1994: Wavelet-based multifractal analysis of non-stationary and/or intermittent geophysical signals. Wavelets in Geophysics. E. Foufoula-Georgiou and Kumar, Eds., Academic Press, 249-298.

45.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. J. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1994: Multifractal characterizations of non-stationarity and intermittency in geophysical fields: Observed, retrieved, or simulated. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8055-8072.

46.

Gao, B.-C., and W. Wiscombe, 1994: Surface-induced brightness temperature variations and their effects on detecting thin cirrus clouds using IR emission channels in the 8-12 mm region. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 568-570.

47.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. F. Cahalan, and W. J. Wiscombe, 1994: Bounded Cascade Models as non-stationary multifractals. Phys. Rev., E49, 55-69.

48.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and G. Titov, 1995: The verisimilitude of the Independent Pixel Approximation used in cloud remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ., 52, 72-78.

49.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1995: Radiative smoothing in fractal clouds. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.), 100, 26247-26261.

50.

Wiscombe, W., 1995: An absorbing mystery. Nature, 376, 466-467.

51.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1996: Multifractal characterizations of intermittency in nonstionary geophysical signals and fields. Nonstationary Random Processes and Their Applications, G. Trevino, Ed., World Scientific, 97-158.

52.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1996: Scale-invariance of liquid water distributions in marine stratocumulus. I. Spectral properties and stationarity issues. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1538-1558.

53.

Ellingson, R., and W. Wiscombe, 1996: The Spectral Radiance Experiment (SPECTRE): Project description and sample results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, pages unknown.

54.

Cahalan, R. F., A. Davis, A. Marshak, D. Silberstein, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Cloud macrostructure and radiation. Remote Sensing A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development: LC 97-70575, ISBN 0-7803-3839-1 F01, 41-44.

55.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Interactions, solar and Laser beams in stratus clouds, fractals and multifractals in climate and remote sensing studies. Fractals, 5, 129-166.

56.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1997: Evidence for net horizontal radiative fluxes in marine stratocumulus.. IRS'96 Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 809-812.

57.

Davis, A., D. Winker, A. Marshak, J. Spinhurne, R. Cahalan, S. Love, S. Melfi, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Retrieval of physical and optical cloud thicknesses from space-borne and wide-angle Lidar. Adv. Atmos. Remote Sensing with Lidar, A. Ansmann, R. Neuber, Rairoux and U. Wadinger, Eds. Springer-Verlag, 193-196.

58.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: The Landsat scale break in stratocumulus as a three-dimensional radiative transfer effect: Implications for cloud remote sensing. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 241-260.

59.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Physical simulation of high-resolution satellite images for fractal cloud model. Fractals in Geophys. M. M. Novak and T. G. Dewey, Eds., World Scientific, 301-310.

60.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: The effect of horizontal fluxes on cloud absorption estimates based on simulated two-aircraft measurements of fractal clouds. IRS'96: Current problems in atmospheric radiation. W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 415-418.

61.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Nonlocal Independent Pixel Approximation for computing radiation fields of inhomogeneous clouds. IRS'96: Current problems in atmospheric radiation. W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 139-142.

62.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1997: Inhomogeneity effects on cloud shortwave absorption measurements: Two-aircraft simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16619-16637.

63.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1997: Scale-invariance of liquid water distributions in marine stratocumulus. II. Multifractal properties and intermittency issues. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1423-1444.

64.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Insight into three-dimensional radiation transport from diffusion theory, application to the cloudy atmosphere. Radiative Transfer, Ed. M. Mengue, Begell House, Inc., NY, 111-139.

65.

Gao, B.-C., Y. Kaufman, W. Han, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Correction of thin cirrus path radiances in the 0.4-1 micron spectral region using the Sensitive 1.375 Micron Cirrus Detecting Channel. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 32169-32176.

66.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Nonlocal Independent Pixel Approximation, direct and inverse problems. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 192-205.

67.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1998: Radiative effects of sub-mean-free-path liquid water variability observed in stratiform clouds. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.), 103, 19557-19567.

68.

Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, W. Ridgway, and R. Cahalan, 1998: Biases in shortwave column absorption in the presence of fractal clouds. J. Climate, 11, 431-446.

69.

Davis, A., A. Marshak, H. Gerber, and W. Wiscombe, 1999: Horizontal structure of marine boundary-layer clouds from cm-to km scales. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6123-6144.

70.

Marshak, A., L. Oreopoulos, A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1999: Horizontal radiative fluxes in clouds and accuracy of the Independent Pixel Approximation at absorbing wavelengths. Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 1585-1588.

71.

Marshak, A., W. Wiscombe, A. Davis, L. Oreopoulos, and R. Cahalan, 1999: On the removal of the effect of horizontal fluxes in two-aircraft measurements of cloud absorption. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2153-2170.

72.

Esper, J., P. Panetta, M. Ryschkewitsch, W. Wiscombe, and S. Neeck, 2000: NASA/GSFC nano-satellite technology for Earth Science Missions. Acta Astronautica, 46, 287-296.

73.

Marshak, A., Yu. Knyazikhin, A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and P. Pilewskie, 2000: Cloud vegetation interaction: Use of Normalized Difference Cloud Index for estimation of cloud optical thickness. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1695-1698.

74.

Gerber, H., J. Jensen, A. Davis, A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 2001: Spectral density of cloud liquid water content at high frequencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 497-503.

75.

Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, Y. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, M. I. Mishchenko, D. M. Winker, and S. L. Nasiri, 2001: Asymptotic solutions for optical properties of large particles with strong absorption. Appl. Opt., 40, 1532-1547.

76.

Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, W. J. Wiscombe, Y. X. Hu, S. L. Nasiri, P. F. Soulen, A. J. Heymsfield, G. M. McFarquhar, and L. M. Miloshevich, 2001: Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical inhomogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distributions for two Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bands. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17267-17291.

77.

Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, S. C. Tsay, D. M. Winker, and S. L. Nasiri, 2001: Radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the infrared (8-13 µm) spectral region. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans., 70, 473-504.

78.

Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, W. Han, R.-R. Li, and W. Wiscombe, 2002: An algorithm using visible and 1.38-m channels to retrieve cirrus cloud reflectances from aircraft and satellite data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1659-1668.

79.

Knyazikhin, Y., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, J. Martonchick, and R. Myneni, 2002: A missing solution to the transport equation and its effect on estimation of cloud absorptive properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3572-3585.

80.

Yang, P., B. C. Gao, W. J. Wiscombe, M. I. Mishchenko, S. E. Platnick, H. L. Huang, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, D. Winker, S. C. Tsay, and S. K. Park, 2002: Inherent amd apparent scattering properties of coated or uncoated spheres embedded in an absorbing host medium. Appl. Opt., 41, 2740-2759.

81.

Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, G. Guo, S. K. Parks, W. Wiscombe, and B. D. Chen, 2003: Measurements of water vapor and high clouds over the Tibetan Plateau with the Terra MODIS instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 41, 895-900.

82.

Evans, K. F., R. Lawson, P. Zmarzly, D. OConnor, and W. Wiscombe, 2003: In situ cloud sensing with multiple scattering lidar: Simulations and demonstration. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 20, 1505-1522.

83.

Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, G. Guo, S. K. Park, W. J. Wiscombe, and B. D. Chen, 2003: Measurements of water vapor and high clouds over the Tibetan Plateau with the Terra MODIS instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 895-900.

84.

Lee, Y. K., P. Yang, M. I. Mishchenko, B. A. Baum, Y. Hu, H.-L. Huang, W. J. Wiscombe, and A. J. Baran, 2003: On the use of circular cylinders as surrogates for hexagonal pristine ice crystals in scattering calculations at infrared wavelengths. Appl. Opt., 42, 2653-2664.

85.

Yang, P., M. G. Mlynczak, H. L. Wei, D. P. Kratz, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, A. Heidinger, and M. I. Mishchenko, 2003: Spectral signature of ice clouds in the far-infrared region: Single-scattering calculation and radiative sensitivity study. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D18), 4569, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003291.

86.

Marshak, A., Y. Knyazikhin, K. Evans, and W. Wiscombe, 2004: The "RED versus NIR" plane to retrieve broken-cloud optical depth from ground-based measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1911-1925..

87.

Chiu, J.-Y. C., A. Marshak, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2004: The effect of surface heterogeneity on cloud absorption estimates. Geoph. Res. Lett., 31 (L15105), doi:10.1029/2004GL020104.

88.

Evans, K. F., and W. J. Wiscombe, 2004: An algorithm for generating stochastic cloud fields from radar profile statistics. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 72 (2004), 263-289, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.03.016..

89.

Marshak, A., Yu. Knyazikhin, M. L. Larsen, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2005: Small-scale drop size variability: Empirical models for drop-size-dependent clustering in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 551-558.

90.

Knyazikhin, Y., A. Marshak, M. Larsen, W. Wiscombe, J. Martonchik, and R. Myneni, 2005: Small-scale drop size variability: Impact on estimation of cloud optical properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2555-2567.

91.

Wiscombe, W. J., 2005: Scales, Tools and Reminiscences. 3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, ed., A.M. Marshak and A.B. Davis, Springer, c2005, 686pp.

92.

Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, W. Wiscombe, H. Barker, J. C. Barnard, and Y. Luo, 2006: Remote sensing of cloud properties using ground-based measurements of zenith radiance. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006843.

93.

Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, W. J. Wiscombe, S. C. Valencia, and E. J. Welton, 2007: Cloud optical depth retrievals from solar background “signals” of micropulse lidars. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 4, No. 3, 456-460, doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2007.896722.

94.

Turner, D. D., A. M. Vogelmann, R. T. Austin, J. C. Barnard, K. Cady-Pereira, J. C. Chiu, S. A. Clough, C. Flynn, M. M. Khaiyer, J. Liljegren, K. Johnson, B. Lin, C. Long, A. Marshak, S. Y. Matrosov, S. A. McFarlane, M. Miller, Q. Min, P. Minnis, Z. Wang, and W. Wiscombe, 2007: Thin Liquid Water Clouds: Their Importance and Our Challenge. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 177-190.

95.

Zhang, Z., P. Yang, G. Kattawar, and W. Wiscombe, 2007: Single-scattering properties of Platonic solids in geometrical-optics regime. JQSRT 106, 595-603.

96.

Ottaviani, M., K. Stamnes, J. Koskulics, H. Eide, S. Long, W. Su, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Light reflection from water waves: a polarimetric investigation under controlled laboratory conditions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 25, Issue 5, 715-728.

97.

Huang, D., Y. Liu, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Determination of cloud liquid water distribution with 3D cloud tomography. J. Geophys. Res. (Submitted)

98.

Su, W., E. Dutton, T. Charlock, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Performance of commerical radiometers in very low temperature and pressure environments typical of polar regions and the stratosphere: A laboratory study. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Tech., 25, Issue 4, 558-569.

99.

Yang, Y., A. Marshak, J. C. Chiu, W. J. Wiscombe, S. P. Palm, A. B. Davis, D. A. Spangenberg, L. Nguyen, J. D. Spinhirne, and P. I. Minnis, 2008: Retrievals of Thick Cloud Optical Depth from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) by Calibration of Solar Background Signal. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3513–3527, doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2744.1.

100.

Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, P. Pilewskie, and W. Wiscombe, 2009: Physical interpretation of the spectral radiative signatures in the transition zone between cloud-free and cloudy regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1419-1430 .

101.

Marshak, A., Y. Knyazikhin, J. C. Chiu, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2009: Spectral invariant behavior of zenith radiance around cloud edges observed by ARM SWS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16802, doi:10.1029/2009GL039366.

102.

Yang, Y., A. Marshak, T. Varnai, W. J. Wiscombe, and P. Yang, 2009: Uncertainties in ice sheet altimetry from a space-borne 1064 nm single channel lidar due to undetected thin clouds. IEEE Trans. Geos. Remote Sens. (In press)

103.

Chiu, J. C., C.-H. Huang, A. Marshak, I. Slutsker, D. M. Giles, B. N. Holben, Y. Knyazikhin, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2009: Cloud optical depth retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) cloud mode observations. J. Geophys. Res.. (Submitted)

RESEARCH AREA EXPERIENCE

Radiative transfer, Light Scattering, Cloud Radiation, Climate theory, Remote Sensing, Science data systems

EDUCATION

1970		Ph.D., Applied Mathematics, Caltech

1966		M.S., Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA

1964		B.S., Physics, MIT, Boston, MA

OTHER CURRENT POSITIONS

2005		Chief Scientist, Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program

2003		Adjunct Professor, ESSIC, University of Maryland

PREVIOUS POSITIONS

1991-1998		Goddard DAAC Project Scientist

1983-1984		NAS-NRC Senior Research Associate, NASA/GSFC, Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences

1981-1984		Associate Professor, Department of Applied Science, New York University

1974-1981		Staff Scientist, Climate Group, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

1969-1974		Research Scientist, Systems, Science & Software, Inc., LaJolla, California

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

Fellow, American Meteorological Society, President, Atmospheric Sciences Section, American Geophysical Union

HONORS AND AWARDS

2007		Laboratory for Atmospheres Peer Award

2005		GSFC Special Act Award: Development of an undergraduate program in Earth System Science at UMCP/ESSIC

2005		Chief Scientist, DOE's ARM Program

2004		President, Atmospheric Sciences Section, American Geophysical Union

1995		NASA EOSDIS V0 Award

1992, 1997		FIRE Group Achievement Awards

1990, 1999		NASA Special Act Awards

1990, 1998		Laboratory for Atmospheres Peer Award

1989		Elected, Fellow American Meteorological Society

1988, 90, 94-96, 98-99		NASA Performance Awards

1964		Sigma Xi (MIT)

1964-66		NSF Fellow (Caltech)

SPECIAL EXPERIENCE

- 1980: Visiting Scientist, Institut fur Meteorologie, Johann-Gutenberg University, Mainz, West Germany.
- 1982, 1987, 1993: Visiting Scientist, CNR Istituo di Fisica dell'Atmosfera, Rome and Frascati, Italy.
- 1985: Visiting Scientist, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
- 1989: Visiting Scientist, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.
- 1996: Visiting Scientist, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 1997: Visiting Scientist, Dept. of Meteorology, Penn State University, State College, PA.
- 1998: Visiting Scientist, Program in Atmos. & Oceanic Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
- 1999: Visiting Scientist, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
- Helped develop and lead major activities in atmospheric radiation field: (1) ICRCCM (Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models), 1981–1991. (2) ARM (DoE’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurements program), 1990–present. (3) SPECTRE (Spectral Radiance Experiment), 1989-96; field phase 1991.
- 1998: Founder and Chairman of first Gordon Conference on Solar Radiation and Climate.
- Leadership roles on ARM Science Team: (1) Executive Committee (1995-1998). (2) Oklahoma Site Advisory Committee (1995-1999). (3) ARM Infrastructure Review Committee (1999). (4) Chairman. Shortwave Special Interest Group (1995-present).
- Other Science Teams: (1) Triana DSCOVR (1998-2004). (2) Landsat-7 (1996-2000). (3) EOS MODIS (1996-present). (4) FIRE (1985-1995). (5) ARM (1990-present). (6) IceSat (2006-present).
- Teaching: The Carbon Dioxide Problem (NYU, 1981); Atmospheres & Oceans (NYU, 1982); Climate Modeling (NYU, 1983); Radiation as it Relates to Climate (Boulder, 1986); Principles of Numerical Modeling (Italy, 1987) (EPA, 1990), UC Santa Barbara (1992); (PA, 1990); Chaos and Fractals in Atmospheric Sciences (Italy, 1993); Writing Scientific Software (Goddard 1991-1996); Adobe Portable Document Format (Goddard, 1997-98); Global Warming (Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, 1998); Clouds and Radiation (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1999); Single and Multiple Scattering, Intemat. Ctr for Theoretical Physics (Trieste, Italy 1999).
- Editorships: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (1978–84); Journal of Geophysical Research (1989–92); J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (1992–present);Transport Theory and Statistical Physics (1981–1999).
- Developed many first-class computer programs, notably for Mie scattering and discrete-ordinates radiative transfer. These programs have thousands of scientific users worldwide.
- Reviewer of papers and proposals for many journals and federal agencies.
- Member, AMS Committee on Atmospheric Radiation, 1988–1990.
- At Goddard: Earth Science Vision Team (1998–99); Goddard DAAC (data center) Project Scientist, 1991–98; SBIR/STTR: COTR, reviewer; GSFC Centerwide Colloquium Committee, 1990-91; Climate and Radiation Branch Seminar Coordinator, 1986-88; NASA Source Evaluation Boards: supercomputer, 1989; branch support contract, 1987.
- ICRCCM (Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models) (1981-91)
- SPECTRE (Spectral Radiance Experiment) 1989-96 (field phase 1991)

FUNDED PROPOSALS

2006-09		IceSat Science Team Member

2005-08		Studies on 3D clouds and radiation

2005-08		ARM Chief Scientist

2004-07		Sunglint studies in a wave tank

Show Refereed Publications

1.		Wiscombe, W., 1975: Solar radiation calculations for Arctic summer stratus conditions. Climate of the Arctic, Weller and Bowling, Eds., University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, Alaska, pages unknown.
2.		Joseph, J., W. Wiscombe, and J. Weinman, 1976: The Delta-Eddington Approximation for radiative flux transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2452-2459.
3.		Wiscombe, W., 1976: Extension of the Doubling Method to inhomogeneous sources. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 16, 477-489.
4.		Wiscombe, W., 1976: On initialization, error and flux conservation in the Doubling Method. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 16, 637-658.
5.		Wiscombe, W., and G. Grams, 1976: The backscattered fraction in Two-Stream Approximations. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2440-2451.
6.		Wiscombe, W., 1977: Doubling Initialization revisited. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 18, 245-248.
7.		Wiscombe, W., 1977: Author's reply. J. Quant. Spectr. and Rad. Trans., 18, 251.
8.		Wiscombe, W., 1977: The Delta-M Method: Rapid yet accurate radiative flux calculations for strongly asymmetric phase functions. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1408-1422.
9.		Wiscombe, W., and J. Evans, 1977: Exponential-sum fitting of radiative transmission functions. J. Com Phys., 24, 416-444.
10.		Wiscombe, W., and J. Joseph, 1977: The range of validity of the Eddington approximation. Icarus, 32, 362-377.
11.		Wiscombe, W., and P. Chylek, 1977: Mie scattering between any two angles. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 67, 572-573.
12.		Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Scattering of radiation by moderately nonspherical particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1291-1307.
13.		Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Forward optical Glory. Optics Lett., 5, 455-457.
14.		Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1980: Efficiency factors in Mie scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett., 45, 1490-1494.
15.		Wiscombe, W., 1980: Improved Mie scattering algorithms. Appl. Opt., 19, 1505-1509.
16.		Wiscombe, W., and A. Mugnai, 1980: Exact calculations of scattering from moderately-nonspherical tn-particles: Comparisons with equivalent spheres. Proc. Workshop Light Scattering by Irregularly Shaped Particles, D. W. Schuerman, Ed., Plenum Publishing Corp NY, pages unknown.
17.		Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow I. Pure snow. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733.
18.		Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow II. Snow containing atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745.
19.		Wiscombe, W., and S. Warren, 1981: Comment on 'Radiative Properties of Snow for Clear Sky Solar Radiation'. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 5, 177-180.
20.		Hoffert, M., B. Flannery, A. Callegari, C. Hsieh, and W. Wiscombe, 1983: Evaporation-limited tropical temperatures as a constraint on climate sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1659-1668.
21.		Wiscombe, W., 1983: Atmospheric radiation: 1975-1983. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 997-1021.
22.		Wiscombe, W., R. Welch, and W. Hall, 1984: The effect of very large drops on cloud absorption I. Parcel models. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355.
23.		Warren, S., and W. Wiscombe, 1985: Dirty snow after nuclear war. Nature, 313, 467-470.
24.		Wiscombe, W., and V. Ramanathan, 1985: The role of radiation and other renascent subfields in atmospheric science. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1278-1287.
25.		Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1986: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles. I: Cross sections, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor and backscattered fraction. Appl. Opt., 25, 1235-1244.
26.		Prabhakara, C., D. A. Short, W. Wiscombe, R. S. Fraser, and B. Vollmer, 1986: Rainfall over oceans inferred from Nimbus-7 SMMR, application to 1982-83 El Nino. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1464-1474.
27.		Wiscombe, W., and R. Welch, 1986: Further comments on the effects of large drops in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 401-407.
28.		Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1987: Diffraction as tunneling. Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1667-1671.
29.		Luther, F., R. Ellingson, Y. Fouquart, S. Fels, N. Scott, and W. Wiscombe, 1988: Intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models (ICRCCM): Longwave clear sky results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 40-48.
30.		Stamnes, K., S. C. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, 1988: Numerically stable algorithm for Discrete-Ordinate-Method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media. Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509.
31.		Wiscombe, W., and A. Mugnai, 1988: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles II: Means of angular scattering patterns. Appl. Opt., 27, 2405-2421.
32.		Mugnai, A., and W. Wiscombe, 1989: Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles III: Variability of angular scattering patterns. Appl. Opt., 28, 3061-3073.
33.		Cahalan, R. F., M. Nestler, W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, and T. Bell, 1989: Marine stratocumulus spatial structure. Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. Stat. Clim., IMSC, 19-25.
34.		Warren, S., W. Wiscombe, and J. Firestone, 1990: Spectral albedo and emissivity of CO2 in Martian polar caps: Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14717-14741.
35.		Wiscombe, W., 1990: Principles of Numerical Modeling with Applications to Atmospheric Radiation. Course on Radiation as It Relates to Climate. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pages unknown.
36.		Fiedler-Ferrari, N., H. Nussenzveig, and W. Wiscombe, 1991: Theory of near-critical angle scattering from a curved interface. Phys. Rev., A43, 1005-1038.
37.		Nussenzveig, H., and W. Wiscombe, 1991: Complex angular momentum approximation to hard-core scattering. Phys. Rev., A43, 2093-2112.
38.		Cahalan, R. F., and W. J. Wiscombe, 1993: Impact of cloud structure on climate. Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. A. Deepak Publishing, 120-124.
39.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Bi-multifractal analysis and multi-affine modeling of non-stationary geophysical processes: Application to turbulence and clouds. Fractals, 3, 560-567.
40.		Gao, B.-C., A. Goetz, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Cirrus cloud detection from airborne imaging spectrometer data using the 1.38 micron water vapor band. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 301-304.
41.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1993: Multi-singular and multi-affine properties of Bounded Cascade Models. Fractals, 3, 702-710.
42.		Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, Harshvardhan, and S. Gollmer, 1994: Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3776-3790.
43.		Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgway, W. J. Wiscombe, T. L. Bell, and J. B. Snider, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.
44.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 1994: Wavelet-based multifractal analysis of non-stationary and/or intermittent geophysical signals. Wavelets in Geophysics. E. Foufoula-Georgiou and Kumar, Eds., Academic Press, 249-298.
45.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. J. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1994: Multifractal characterizations of non-stationarity and intermittency in geophysical fields: Observed, retrieved, or simulated. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8055-8072.
46.		Gao, B.-C., and W. Wiscombe, 1994: Surface-induced brightness temperature variations and their effects on detecting thin cirrus clouds using IR emission channels in the 8-12 mm region. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 568-570.
47.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. F. Cahalan, and W. J. Wiscombe, 1994: Bounded Cascade Models as non-stationary multifractals. Phys. Rev., E49, 55-69.
48.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and G. Titov, 1995: The verisimilitude of the Independent Pixel Approximation used in cloud remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ., 52, 72-78.
49.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1995: Radiative smoothing in fractal clouds. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.), 100, 26247-26261.
50.		Wiscombe, W., 1995: An absorbing mystery. Nature, 376, 466-467.
51.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1996: Multifractal characterizations of intermittency in nonstionary geophysical signals and fields. Nonstationary Random Processes and Their Applications, G. Trevino, Ed., World Scientific, 97-158.
52.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1996: Scale-invariance of liquid water distributions in marine stratocumulus. I. Spectral properties and stationarity issues. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1538-1558.
53.		Ellingson, R., and W. Wiscombe, 1996: The Spectral Radiance Experiment (SPECTRE): Project description and sample results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, pages unknown.
54.		Cahalan, R. F., A. Davis, A. Marshak, D. Silberstein, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Cloud macrostructure and radiation. Remote Sensing A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development: LC 97-70575, ISBN 0-7803-3839-1 F01, 41-44.
55.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Interactions, solar and Laser beams in stratus clouds, fractals and multifractals in climate and remote sensing studies. Fractals, 5, 129-166.
56.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1997: Evidence for net horizontal radiative fluxes in marine stratocumulus.. IRS'96 Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 809-812.
57.		Davis, A., D. Winker, A. Marshak, J. Spinhurne, R. Cahalan, S. Love, S. Melfi, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Retrieval of physical and optical cloud thicknesses from space-borne and wide-angle Lidar. Adv. Atmos. Remote Sensing with Lidar, A. Ansmann, R. Neuber, Rairoux and U. Wadinger, Eds. Springer-Verlag, 193-196.
58.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: The Landsat scale break in stratocumulus as a three-dimensional radiative transfer effect: Implications for cloud remote sensing. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 241-260.
59.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Physical simulation of high-resolution satellite images for fractal cloud model. Fractals in Geophys. M. M. Novak and T. G. Dewey, Eds., World Scientific, 301-310.
60.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: The effect of horizontal fluxes on cloud absorption estimates based on simulated two-aircraft measurements of fractal clouds. IRS'96: Current problems in atmospheric radiation. W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 415-418.
61.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. F. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1997: Nonlocal Independent Pixel Approximation for computing radiation fields of inhomogeneous clouds. IRS'96: Current problems in atmospheric radiation. W. L. Smith and K. Stamnes, Eds., Deepak Publ., 139-142.
62.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1997: Inhomogeneity effects on cloud shortwave absorption measurements: Two-aircraft simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16619-16637.
63.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1997: Scale-invariance of liquid water distributions in marine stratocumulus. II. Multifractal properties and intermittency issues. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1423-1444.
64.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Insight into three-dimensional radiation transport from diffusion theory, application to the cloudy atmosphere. Radiative Transfer, Ed. M. Mengue, Begell House, Inc., NY, 111-139.
65.		Gao, B.-C., Y. Kaufman, W. Han, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Correction of thin cirrus path radiances in the 0.4-1 micron spectral region using the Sensitive 1.375 Micron Cirrus Detecting Channel. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 32169-32176.
66.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, R. Cahalan, and W. Wiscombe, 1998: Nonlocal Independent Pixel Approximation, direct and inverse problems. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 192-205.
67.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1998: Radiative effects of sub-mean-free-path liquid water variability observed in stratiform clouds. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.), 103, 19557-19567.
68.		Marshak, A., A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, W. Ridgway, and R. Cahalan, 1998: Biases in shortwave column absorption in the presence of fractal clouds. J. Climate, 11, 431-446.
69.		Davis, A., A. Marshak, H. Gerber, and W. Wiscombe, 1999: Horizontal structure of marine boundary-layer clouds from cm-to km scales. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6123-6144.
70.		Marshak, A., L. Oreopoulos, A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and R. Cahalan, 1999: Horizontal radiative fluxes in clouds and accuracy of the Independent Pixel Approximation at absorbing wavelengths. Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 1585-1588.
71.		Marshak, A., W. Wiscombe, A. Davis, L. Oreopoulos, and R. Cahalan, 1999: On the removal of the effect of horizontal fluxes in two-aircraft measurements of cloud absorption. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2153-2170.
72.		Esper, J., P. Panetta, M. Ryschkewitsch, W. Wiscombe, and S. Neeck, 2000: NASA/GSFC nano-satellite technology for Earth Science Missions. Acta Astronautica, 46, 287-296.
73.		Marshak, A., Yu. Knyazikhin, A. Davis, W. Wiscombe, and P. Pilewskie, 2000: Cloud vegetation interaction: Use of Normalized Difference Cloud Index for estimation of cloud optical thickness. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1695-1698.
74.		Gerber, H., J. Jensen, A. Davis, A. Marshak, and W. Wiscombe, 2001: Spectral density of cloud liquid water content at high frequencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 497-503.
75.		Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, Y. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, M. I. Mishchenko, D. M. Winker, and S. L. Nasiri, 2001: Asymptotic solutions for optical properties of large particles with strong absorption. Appl. Opt., 40, 1532-1547.
76.		Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, W. J. Wiscombe, Y. X. Hu, S. L. Nasiri, P. F. Soulen, A. J. Heymsfield, G. M. McFarquhar, and L. M. Miloshevich, 2001: Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical inhomogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distributions for two Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bands. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17267-17291.
77.		Yang, P., B. C. Gao, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, S. C. Tsay, D. M. Winker, and S. L. Nasiri, 2001: Radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the infrared (8-13 µm) spectral region. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans., 70, 473-504.
78.		Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, W. Han, R.-R. Li, and W. Wiscombe, 2002: An algorithm using visible and 1.38-m channels to retrieve cirrus cloud reflectances from aircraft and satellite data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1659-1668.
79.		Knyazikhin, Y., A. Marshak, W. Wiscombe, J. Martonchick, and R. Myneni, 2002: A missing solution to the transport equation and its effect on estimation of cloud absorptive properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3572-3585.
80.		Yang, P., B. C. Gao, W. J. Wiscombe, M. I. Mishchenko, S. E. Platnick, H. L. Huang, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, D. Winker, S. C. Tsay, and S. K. Park, 2002: Inherent amd apparent scattering properties of coated or uncoated spheres embedded in an absorbing host medium. Appl. Opt., 41, 2740-2759.
81.		Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, G. Guo, S. K. Parks, W. Wiscombe, and B. D. Chen, 2003: Measurements of water vapor and high clouds over the Tibetan Plateau with the Terra MODIS instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 41, 895-900.
82.		Evans, K. F., R. Lawson, P. Zmarzly, D. OConnor, and W. Wiscombe, 2003: In situ cloud sensing with multiple scattering lidar: Simulations and demonstration. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 20, 1505-1522.
83.		Gao, B.-C., P. Yang, G. Guo, S. K. Park, W. J. Wiscombe, and B. D. Chen, 2003: Measurements of water vapor and high clouds over the Tibetan Plateau with the Terra MODIS instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 895-900.
84.		Lee, Y. K., P. Yang, M. I. Mishchenko, B. A. Baum, Y. Hu, H.-L. Huang, W. J. Wiscombe, and A. J. Baran, 2003: On the use of circular cylinders as surrogates for hexagonal pristine ice crystals in scattering calculations at infrared wavelengths. Appl. Opt., 42, 2653-2664.
85.		Yang, P., M. G. Mlynczak, H. L. Wei, D. P. Kratz, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, W. J. Wiscombe, A. Heidinger, and M. I. Mishchenko, 2003: Spectral signature of ice clouds in the far-infrared region: Single-scattering calculation and radiative sensitivity study. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D18), 4569, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003291.
86.		Marshak, A., Y. Knyazikhin, K. Evans, and W. Wiscombe, 2004: The "RED versus NIR" plane to retrieve broken-cloud optical depth from ground-based measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1911-1925..
87.		Chiu, J.-Y. C., A. Marshak, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2004: The effect of surface heterogeneity on cloud absorption estimates. Geoph. Res. Lett., 31 (L15105), doi:10.1029/2004GL020104.
88.		Evans, K. F., and W. J. Wiscombe, 2004: An algorithm for generating stochastic cloud fields from radar profile statistics. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 72 (2004), 263-289, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.03.016..
89.		Marshak, A., Yu. Knyazikhin, M. L. Larsen, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2005: Small-scale drop size variability: Empirical models for drop-size-dependent clustering in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 551-558.
90.		Knyazikhin, Y., A. Marshak, M. Larsen, W. Wiscombe, J. Martonchik, and R. Myneni, 2005: Small-scale drop size variability: Impact on estimation of cloud optical properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2555-2567.
91.		Wiscombe, W. J., 2005: Scales, Tools and Reminiscences. 3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, ed., A.M. Marshak and A.B. Davis, Springer, c2005, 686pp.
92.		Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, W. Wiscombe, H. Barker, J. C. Barnard, and Y. Luo, 2006: Remote sensing of cloud properties using ground-based measurements of zenith radiance. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006843.
93.		Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, W. J. Wiscombe, S. C. Valencia, and E. J. Welton, 2007: Cloud optical depth retrievals from solar background “signals” of micropulse lidars. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 4, No. 3, 456-460, doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2007.896722.
94.		Turner, D. D., A. M. Vogelmann, R. T. Austin, J. C. Barnard, K. Cady-Pereira, J. C. Chiu, S. A. Clough, C. Flynn, M. M. Khaiyer, J. Liljegren, K. Johnson, B. Lin, C. Long, A. Marshak, S. Y. Matrosov, S. A. McFarlane, M. Miller, Q. Min, P. Minnis, Z. Wang, and W. Wiscombe, 2007: Thin Liquid Water Clouds: Their Importance and Our Challenge. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 177-190.
95.		Zhang, Z., P. Yang, G. Kattawar, and W. Wiscombe, 2007: Single-scattering properties of Platonic solids in geometrical-optics regime. JQSRT 106, 595-603.
96.		Ottaviani, M., K. Stamnes, J. Koskulics, H. Eide, S. Long, W. Su, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Light reflection from water waves: a polarimetric investigation under controlled laboratory conditions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 25, Issue 5, 715-728.
97.		Huang, D., Y. Liu, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Determination of cloud liquid water distribution with 3D cloud tomography. J. Geophys. Res. (Submitted)
98.		Su, W., E. Dutton, T. Charlock, and W. Wiscombe, 2008: Performance of commerical radiometers in very low temperature and pressure environments typical of polar regions and the stratosphere: A laboratory study. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Tech., 25, Issue 4, 558-569.
99.		Yang, Y., A. Marshak, J. C. Chiu, W. J. Wiscombe, S. P. Palm, A. B. Davis, D. A. Spangenberg, L. Nguyen, J. D. Spinhirne, and P. I. Minnis, 2008: Retrievals of Thick Cloud Optical Depth from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) by Calibration of Solar Background Signal. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3513–3527, doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2744.1.
100.		Chiu, J. C., A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, P. Pilewskie, and W. Wiscombe, 2009: Physical interpretation of the spectral radiative signatures in the transition zone between cloud-free and cloudy regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1419-1430 .
101.		Marshak, A., Y. Knyazikhin, J. C. Chiu, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2009: Spectral invariant behavior of zenith radiance around cloud edges observed by ARM SWS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16802, doi:10.1029/2009GL039366.
102.		Yang, Y., A. Marshak, T. Varnai, W. J. Wiscombe, and P. Yang, 2009: Uncertainties in ice sheet altimetry from a space-borne 1064 nm single channel lidar due to undetected thin clouds. IEEE Trans. Geos. Remote Sens. (In press)
103.		Chiu, J. C., C.-H. Huang, A. Marshak, I. Slutsker, D. M. Giles, B. N. Holben, Y. Knyazikhin, and W. J. Wiscombe, 2009: Cloud optical depth retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) cloud mode observations. J. Geophys. Res.. (Submitted)

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